proposal用什么时态(proposal用法及含义)

英语中的时态问题（高手来呀

有8种

proposal用什么时态(proposal用法及含义)

一、一般现在时：

概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

时间状语：often，usually，always，sometimes，every week（day，year，month．．．），once a week，on Sundays，etc．

基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词

否定形式：① am ／is ／are ＋not；②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词 do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

二、一般过去时：

概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

时间状语：ago，yesterday，the day before yesterday，last week（year，night，month．．．），in 1989，just now，at the age of 5，one day，long long ago，once upon a time，etc．

基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词

否定形式：① was／were ＋not；②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句：①was或were放在句首；②用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。

三、现在进行时：

概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

时间状语：now，at this time，these days，etc．

基本结构：am／is／are ＋doing

否定形式：am／is／are ＋not＋doing

一般疑问句：把be动词放在句首

四、过去进行时：

概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

时间状语：at this time yesterday，at that time或以when的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

基本结构：was／were ＋doing

否定形式：was／were ＋not＋doing

一般疑问句：把was或were放在句首

五、现在完成时：

概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

时间状语：recently，lately，since．．．，for．．．，in the past few years，etc．

基本结构：he／has ＋done

否定形式：he／has ＋not＋done

一般疑问句：he／has放于句首

六、过去完成时：

概念：以过去某一时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

时间状语：before，by the end of last year（term，month．．．），etc．

基本结构：had ＋done

否定形式：had ＋not＋done

一般疑问句：had放于句首

七、一般将来时：

概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、或准备做某事。

时间状语：tomorrow，next day（week，month，year．．．．），soon，in a few minutes，by．．．，the day after tomorrow，etc．

基本结构：①am／is／are／going to ＋do；②will／shall＋do

否定形式：①am／is／are ＋not＋going to ＋do；② will／shall＋not＋do

一般疑问句：①be放于句首；② will／shall提到句首

八、过去将来时：

概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。

时间状语：the next day（morning，year．．．），the following month（week．．．），etc．

基本结构：①was／were／going to ＋do；② would／should ＋do

否定形式：①was／were／not＋going to ＋do；②would／should ＋not＋do

一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②would／should提到句首

I wish that we will be able to finish this building 3 days later.

将来完成进行时：在将来某时之前就已经完成并且还要延续下去的动作。{很少用}

例句：They will he been making their efforts after that time.

从句可以有任何时态。从句用什么时态，通常要看主句。主句的时态决定从句的时态。

eg.I would he been working when boss comes in.

英文单词proposal是不是不能随便用？因为有求婚的意思！

proposal

提议;建议;动议;求婚

pro 前 + pos 放，放置 + al 表行为 → 向前放 → 提议

牛津词典

noun

1[C, U] ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that…)

提议；建议；动议

[C] 求婚

an act of formally asking to marry you

柯林斯词典

1N-COUNT 提议；建议；提案 2

N-COUNT 求婚

A proposal is the act of asking someone to marry you.

proposal除了求婚，proposal还有提议，建议的意思。看你想表达的什么。

proposal是一个英语单词，名词，作名词时意思是“提议，建议；求婚”。

The proposal假结婚 ; 爱情限时签 ;

research proposal研究 ; 研究书 ; 研究提案 ; 开题报告

marriage proposal求婚

英语单词的话，是不是不能随便用来说的话？因为有求婚的意思来说的话，像这种英语单词来说的话，这确实都是的话 那是他来说的话，是用在他自己的地方来说的话，是不可以随便用的

适当的地方用适当的词，这个单词的第一要义是建议，提议。其次是求婚之意。

proposal除了求婚，proposal还有提议，建议的意思。

proposal本身就是建议的意思。常用的就是建议书。这个词在项目开发管理，商贸洽谈中使用非常频繁。

是的，这个单词有求婚的意思。

英语中虚拟时态是怎样的

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(一)

如果你看到下列的句子，你会认为它们是正确的还是错的呢？

1. I wish I were a bird.

2. We request that you be here tomorrow.

也许你会说:"哈哈，第一句的 I were 错了，应该是 I was；而第二句中的 you be

是什么东东呀？不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be?!"

其实上面的句子都是一种称为 Subjunctive 类型的句子。Subjunctive Mood 有的书译

为"假设语气"，虽不很贴切；但在相当大的程度上，告诉我们这种句子的特点。

Subjunctive Mood中文译作"虚拟语气"，似乎不及"假设语气"那么容易明白。它是一种

动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。

基本上，虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present)和虚拟过去(Subjunctive

Past)两种；但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(Present Tense)和过去时态

(Past Tense)是有所不同的。

一、虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present):

虚拟现在的句子，在任何时候都要用动词的原形(root form)，就算是第三人称(he,

she, it)也是如此。如：

1.1 现在时态(Simple Present): (右边为虚拟语气)

I work ---- I work

you work ---- you work

he works ---- he work (注意到了吗，是 work，不是 works)

she works ---- she work (不是 she works 喔）

it works ---- it work (同样不是 it works 喔)

we work ---- we work

they work ---- they work

1.2 现在进行时态(Present Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气）

I am working ---- I be working (注意用的是 be，怪怪的!)

you are working ---- you be working

he is working ---- he be working

she is working ---- she be working

it is working ---- it be working

we are working ---- we be working

they are woring ---- they be working

1.3 现在完成时态(Present Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)

I he worked ---- I he worked

you he worked ---- you he worked

he has worked ----- he he worked (用的还是he喔)

she has worked ---- she he worked

it has worked ---- it he worked

we he worked ---- we he worked

they he worked ---- they he worked

1.4 现在完成进行时态(Present Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)

I he been working ---- I he been working

you he been working ---- you he been working

he has been working ---- he he been working (是 he he, 不是 he has )

she has been working ---- she he been working

it has been working --- it he been working

we he been working ---- we he been working

they he been working ---- they he been working

嘘，暂时休息一会儿。下回再谈虚拟过去的动词有什么不同。如何，你喜欢她吗？

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)（二）

二、虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)

虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如：动词 be，在虚拟过去

中要用 were。

2.1 过去时态(Simple Past):(右边为虚拟语气)

I worked ---- I worked

you worked ---- you worked

he worked ---- he worked

she worked ---- she worked

it worked ---- it worked

we worked ---- we worked

they worked ---- they worked

2.2 过去进行时态(Past Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)

I was working ---- I were working （注意是 I were）

you were working ---- you were working

he was working ---- he were working (是 he were 喔)

she was working ---- she were working

it was working ---- it were working

we were working ---- we were working

they were working ---- they were working

2.3 过去完成时态(Past Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)

I had worked ---- I had worked

you had worked ---- you had worked

he had worked ---- he had worked

she had worked ---- she had worked

it had worked ---- it had worked

we had worked ---- we had worked

they had worked ---- they had worked

(耶，全部都用 had ! )

2.4 过去完成进行时态(Past Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)

I had been working ---- I had been working

you had been working ---- you had been working

he had been working ---- he had been working

she had been working ---- she had been working

it had been working ---- it had been working

we had been working ---- we had been working

they had been working ---- they had been working

(全部都是 had been 喔）

看来很简单，是吧？下回我们就要谈到她的本领了。再见了！

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)（三）

虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从简单的开始吧。

三、简单的祝愿和命令：

3.1 祝愿

1. May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。

2. May you he a good time.

3. May the friendship between us last long,

4. He a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快！

3.2 命令

注意：1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。

2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！

3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go

4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。

1. Work !

2. Work harder !

3. Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be)

4. You go out !

5. Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)

6. Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't 代替 do not)

这回就谈这么多，不会嫌少吧。

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(四)

四、在现在时态句里，用情态动词(Modal Verb)的过去时态

(could,might,should,would)表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼、委婉等：

1. Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office.

(情态动词 would,表示客气有礼)

2. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.(表示委婉)

五、虚拟语气在宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的用法：

5.1 在wish后的虚拟语气宾语从句(可省略它的that)：

表示：a.和现在的事实相反；

b.和过去的事实相反；

c.对将来的主观愿望。

5.1.1 现在情况的虚拟，从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)：

1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.

(wish, 动词过去式 knew)

我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)

2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.

(wish, were)

但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)

3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)

但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能,难道是鸟人？呵呵)

4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.

(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)

5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.

(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)

现在他在，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)

6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.

(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)

5.1.2 过去情况的虚拟，从句动词用"had + 过去分词"（时间上较前):

1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.

我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)

2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.

他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)

3. We wished he had spoken to us.

(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)

4. I wish you had called earlier.

(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)

5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.

(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)

5.1.3 将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)，从句动词用"would/should/

could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后):

(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同喔)

1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)

我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)

2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)

我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)

3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)

你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)

4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)

我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)

5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)

(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)

为了这个wish的部份，可花了我不少时间喔。I wish you would appreciate my work.

hi hi……

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(五)

5.2 除了wish之外，下列各动词(如 suggest)的后面的虚拟语气宾语从句，其谓语用

："should + 动词原形"表示建议(suggest)、坚持(insist)等虚拟语气：

suggest (建议), recommend (), advise (劝告), propose (建议)

insist (坚持), consent (允诺)

decide (决定), order (命令)

request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求)

maintain (主张), urge (催促)

1. I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once.

(suggest, should + start) (表示建议立即开会)

2. The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight.

(suggested, should + try) (表示建议你应该减肥喔)

3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains.

(insisted, should + be) (表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也没

用哩！)

4. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.

(insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告诉他不可)

5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by

themselves.

(ordered, should + wash) (表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)

六、虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法：

下列名词后的表语从句或同位语从句，也用"should + 动词原形" 表示虚拟语气：

demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)

advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)

order (命令)

necessity (必要地), preference (优先)

proposal (), plan (), idea (办法)

1. The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) lee at once.

(名词advice，should + lee) (表示加以劝告)

2. My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.

(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)

3. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出)

虚拟语气之类的语法真是错综复杂，不是一时半刻就能弄清楚的。再会。

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(六)

七、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法

句型：It is (或was) + 形容词(或过去分词) + that …… +should + 动词原

形……

句子：It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原

形do)

常用的形容词：

natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更

可取的), better (更好的)

necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫

的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)

probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)

desirable (极好的)

常用的过去分词(Past Participle):

required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)

suggested (建议), recommended ()

orderd (命令)

1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）he a walk now.

(necessary, should + he) (表示有需要去散步)

2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.

(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)

3. It is required that nobody (should) oke here.

(required, should + oke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)

4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the

rule of school.

(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)

5. It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.

(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人)

我们学习英文语法是为了在日常应用英语时能够更加得心应手。让我们一起学习，一起

进步吧。下回见！

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(七)

八、虚拟语气在条件从句(Protasis)中的用法：

条件从句有两类：（1）真实条件句；（2）虚拟条件句。

如果假设情况有可能发生的，就是"真实条件句"。如：

1. If time permits, we'll go fishing together.

(如果有时间的话，我们就一起去钓鱼。）

如果假设的情况与事实相反，则为"虚拟条件句"。如：

1. If it had rained yesterday, we would he stayed at home.

（如果昨天下雨的话，我们就会留在家里。）

这回我们要谈的就是关于"虚拟条件句"的一些句型。

这种句子一般由"从句"（Subordinate Clause)和"主句"(Main Clause)组成。如上

例：

If it had rained yesterday, we would he stayed at home.

"If it had rained yesterday" 就是"从句"；"we would he stayed at home" 则

为"主句。

无论"从句"或"主句"的谓语都要用虚拟语气。它们所用的动词有三种时态

(Tenses)，就是：

现在时态、过去时态、将来时态。

句型：

8.1 与现在事实相反的假设(事情的发生都在同一时间内):

从句：if + 主语 + 动词的过去式(be 用 were) + ……

主句：主语 + would (should, could , might) + 动词原形 + ……

1. If I were you, I would go with him.

(从句 If I were you, 主句 I would go with him.)

2. If I were you, I should buy it.

(从句用过去式动词were，主句用动词原形 buy)

3. If I had time, I would study French. (如果有时间，我会学习法文。）

（从句用过去式动词had，主句用动词原形 study）

4. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文，她就

不必要我帮了。)

(从句用过去式动词knew, 主句用动词原形ask)

注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："主语 + would be + 进行式动词 + ……"

5. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.

(从句用过去式动词were, 主句用 would be speaking)

8.2 与过去事实相反的假设(假设从句的事实为过去的事)：

从句：If + 主语 + had +过去完成式动词 + ……

主句：主语 + would (should, could, might) + he +过去完成式动词 +……

1. If you had studied harder last term, you could he passed exam.

(从句动词用had studied, 主句动词用he passed)

如果你在上个学期用功一些，你就会在考试中过关了。

2. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't he failed in the exam.

(从句动词用had taken, 主句动词用he failed)

如果你当时听从我的劝告的话，你就不会在考试中失败了。

3. If you had got up earlier, you could he caught the train.

(从句动词用had got up, 主句动词用 he caught)

如果你起身得早一点，你就会赶得上火车了。

4. If it had snowed, I would he skied in the park.

(从句动词用had snowed, 主句动词用 he skied)

如果下雪的话，我就可在公园里滑雪了。

注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用："I主语 + would + he + 完成进行式动词

+……

5. If they had been here, he would he been speaking to them.

(从句动词用had been, 主句动词用 he been speaking)

8.3 与将来的事实可能相反(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大)：

从句：If + 主语 + should (或were) + 动词原形 +……

主句：主语 + would (could, should, might) + 动词原形 +……

1. If it should rain, the crops would be sed.

(从句动词用should rain，主句动词用 be)

如果天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。

2. If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.

(从句动词用were to, 主句动词用 tell)

如果明天他走的话，他可能会告诉你。

3. If he were here, I would give him the books.

(从句动词用 were, 主句动词用 give)

如果他在这儿，我可能会把书给他。

注意：如果动作在进行中，从句(不是主句喔)要用："If + 主语 + 过去进行式动词

+……"

4. If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.

(从句动词用 were staying, 主句动词用 let)

如果她现在留在这儿，我可能会让她骑我的马。

8.4 从句的 If 有时可省略，那么从句中的动词(were, had, should)就得移到主语前

面：

1. 原句：If she were younger, she would do it.

去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词were移到主语she的前面)

2. 原句：If he had tried it, he could he done it.

去If：Had he tried it, he could he done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)

8.5 有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：

1. I could help you. (只有主句）

2. If I had time. (只有从句）

3. She should he come to the meeting. (只有主句)

4. If he had much more money. (只有从句)

8.6 有时虚拟条件句的从句和主句地动词动作时态会不一致：

8.6.1 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

8.6.2 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：

If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I

would he gone to see the film with you last night.

8.6.3 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：

If we hadn't made adequate preparations, we shouldn't dare to do the

experiment next week.

8.6.4 从句表示将来，主句表示现在：

If we shouldn't he an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.

你们在学习中有什么心得，欢迎告诉我： 再会！

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(八)

九、其他虚拟语气在句子中的应用：

9.1 用as if (或 as though 好象) 的状语从句，表示与事实相反：

1. He pretends as if he didn't know the thing at all, but in fact he knows

it very well.

（用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设）

他假装好象完全不懂那事，其实他对那事非常了解。

2. The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back

to time 20 years ago.

(用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实)

那老人看着照片，他觉得仿佛回到20年前的时光。

3. They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.

(would + 原形动词meet，表示与将来事实相反)

他们谈了又谈，仿佛他们不会再相见的样子。

9.2 用 had hoped 表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情。

其宾语从句的谓语要用"would + 动词原形"：

1. I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said

she liked to stay in China. 我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中

国。

9.3 用 without / but for / in the absence of 表示"要不是"、"如果没有"，表

示条件虚拟句：

1. Without air, nothing could live.

要是没有空气，什么也不能生存。

2. But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.

要不是你的帮忙，我们是难有成就的。

3. In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.

如果没有水和空气，什么也不能生存。

英语中8种时态的主动语态和被动语态

1、一般现在时

(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等连用.例如： 1)The moon moves round the earth..

(2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如：

1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.

(3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有：be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,lee等.例如：

1)The plane lees at three sharp.

(4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时.例如：

1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.

2.一般过去时

(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用.例如：

We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

(2)表示过去习惯性动作.例如：

1)He always went to class last.

2)I used to do my homework in the library.

(注意与be used to doing短语的区别)

3.一般将来时

1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态.例如：

I shall graduate next year.

2)几种替代形式：

1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情.例如：

I’m going to buy a house when we’ve sed enough money.

2)be to +v表示安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义.例如：

I am to play tennis this afternoon.

3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情.例如：

He was about to start.

4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事.例如：

The train is due to depart in ten minutes.

5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态.例如：

The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.

二、进行时态

1.现在进行时

(1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用.例如：

Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

(2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用.例如：

My father is forever criticizing me.

(3)表示根据或安排在近要进行的事情.具有这种语能的动词仅限于过渡性动词.即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词.常用的有：go,come,lee,start,arrive,return等.例如：

They are leing for Hong Kong next month.

(4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词.如：see,hear,ell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词)；hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词)；be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；he,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词).但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态.例如：

1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?

(look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)

2)Tom is looking for his books.

(look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”)

2.过去进行时

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用.例如：

1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.

2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

3.将来进行时

将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作.常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等.例如：

1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.

2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?

4.完成进行时

(现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述.

三、完成时态

完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作.它可分为：

1.现在完成时

(1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用).例如：

1)I he just finished my homework.

2)Mary has been ill for three days.

(2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等.例如：

1)I hen’t been there for five years.

2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

3)There he been a lot of changes since 1978.

(3)完成时态可用在下列结构中：

This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词+ n +定语从句.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时.例如：

(1)This is one of the rarest questions that he ever been raised at such a meeting.

(2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

2.过去完成时

(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成.例如：

1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

(2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现.例如：

I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.

另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：

1)was / were + to he done sth,例如：

We were to he come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to he done sth,例如：

I meant to he told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

(3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时.例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时.例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时.例如：

The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

3.将来完成时

将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测.常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等.例如：

1)By this time tomorrow you will he arrived in Shanghai.

2)I shall he finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably he left.

4.完成进行时

完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时.

(1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻.例如：

I he been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still hen’t found it.

(2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻.例如：

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

(3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻.例如：

By the time you arrive tonight, she will he been typing for hours.

四：时态一致

时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容.通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态.一般原则是：

1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态

He says that he lives in Wuhan.

We hope that there will be many people at your party today.

“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”

“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”

“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts he returned?”

2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态

He said he was writing a novel.

The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.

He said his father had been an engineer.

3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时.例如：

The teacher told them since light trels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.

注：在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时.

4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况

利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则.例如：

We insisted that we do it ourselves.

动词的语态

语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态.主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者.

1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态)

2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态)

1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语

(1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用.如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of.

(2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如：become, contain, cost, fit, he, resemble, suit也没有被动语态.

2.被动语态的时态形式

常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式.

表1

时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时 进行时 完成时

现在 am asked am being asked

is asked is being asked

are asked are being asked

过去

was be asked was being asked

were be asked were being asked

将来 shall be asked shall he been asked

will be asked will he been asked

过去 should be asked should he been asked

将来 would be asked would he been asked

3.短语动词的被动语态

短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略.例如：

1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.

2)All the rubbish should be got rid of.

4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态

“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件.例如：

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为.例如：

get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)

get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)

get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸)

get married(结婚)

5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态

(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来.例如：

1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)

2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)

3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)

(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语.例如：

1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)

2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)

6.被动语态与系表结构的区别

(1)The novel was well written.(系表结构)

(2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态)

7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思

例1：The book is selling remarkably well.

例2：The song sounds very beautiful.

能这样用的动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来).

例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).

能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等.

例4：The meat is cooking.

例5：The book written by the professor is printing.

在英语中被动语态分时态,我给你举些例子:

(1)一般现在时:This song is often sung by children.孩子们常唱这首歌.

(2)一般过去时:This house was built in 1958.这房子建于1958年.

(3)一般将来时:Many buildings will be built in my home town.在我的家乡,许多大楼将要建成.

(4)过去将来时:The old scientist said that he would be invited to vist their country before long.那位老科学家说不久他将应邀访问他们的.

(5)现在进行时:The proposal is being considered now.正在考虑这个提案.

(6)过去进行时:Mr Wu was in hospital .When we went to see him,he was being operated on.吴先生住院了.我们去看他时,他正在动手术.

(7)现在完成时:He the letters been posted ?信已经寄出去了吗?

(8)过去完成时:He came and told us that the work had been finished.他来告诉我们,工作已经完成.

(9)将来完成时:By the end of this year,the tall building will he been built.到今年年底,这幢高楼将建成.

(10)过去将来时:The boy told mother that his homework he been finished by ten o'clock.男孩告诉妈妈到10:00他将做完作业.

列举虚拟语气时态的所有情况

虚拟语气

有些条件句是可能实现的,称为真实条件句. 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的意愿.请求,设想,等未能或不可能实现的事实,或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况.做这类题时首先要弄清楚虚拟语气的各种句型,即由if的虚拟条件句,省略if的倒装形式,可跟虚拟语气的宾语从句,同位语从句,表语从句的句型,以及表示祝愿或感叹的句子和由without, but for等介词的短语或句子.

四级对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面:

1). 主语从句,同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法.

2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法,尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法.

3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法,应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点.

4). would rather 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.

5). if only结构中虚拟语气的用法.

6). But, or, otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法.

7). It’s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.

1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用

(1)虚拟语气现在时. 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况.

条件从句

主句

动词过去式(be多用were)

Would/should/could/might + 动词原形

Eg. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.

If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.

(2) 虚拟语气过去式. 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设.

条件从句

主句

had + 过去分词

would/should/could/might + he +过去分词

Eg. If we had started earlier, we should not he missed the train.

If she hadn’t been ill, she might he come.

(3)虚拟语气将来式. 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况.

条件从句

主句

动词过去式或should +动词原形或were to +动词原形

would/should/could/might +动词原形

Eg. If Professor Li should he time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.

If there should be no air, there would be no living things.

◆ 书面语中,上述(1),(2),(3)三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或he放在句首形成部分倒装.

Eg. Were he in your position, he’d he done the same.

Had I had time, I would he done that yesterday.

Should he come tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary.

(1) 错综时间虚拟句

通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. P 116, 2

Eg. If I were you, I would he taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)

If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在).

(2) 含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示.

Eg. But for your advice, I could not he done it so successfully.

The change could not he taken place without the open-door policy.

I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would he told him the answer.

(3) 虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用.

A) 在wish, suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, recommend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, recommendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.

Eg.

B) 在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形”

这些形容词有:

important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, recommended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等.

“ should + 动词原形(或完成形式)” 可表示惊奇,遗憾,怀疑,不满等.

ⅰ. 用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中.

Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so all.

ⅱ. 用于 “It is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder 等 + that” 等结构后的主语从句中.

Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.

C) 在由for fear that, in case, lest 等的状语从句中,用 “ should + 动词原形” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.

Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.

D) 在 “ It is (about/ high ) time + that (从句)” 中,谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气.

Eg. It is high time that people learnt English.

E) 在 “as if/ as though” 的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.

Eg. He works with such enthusia as if he never knew fatigue.

He speaks English as though he were an American.

F) 在 look, seem等动词后的 “as if / as though”从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气; 否则,用虚拟语气.

Eg. It seems as if they know each other. (真实情况)

It seems as though it were already spring. (虚拟语气)

G) 用在if only 引起的感叹句中.

Eg. If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!

Your proposal____by the committee soon.

选C,soon是将来时的标志,将来时态的有两个选项C,D,所以排除A,B.因为建议还没被讨论,所以应该用be

gonging

to

的将来时态!

英语虚拟语气时态

表示主观愿望，虚拟语气，表示被动，所以用should be done，这里should省略了。

凡是由suggest，request，order，demand，propose，desire，command，insist等及物动词所带的宾语从句，其谓语部分的should可以省。

建议你把虚拟语气整个章节重新学习！

（Should） be done 它这里省略了should

虚拟语气时态